Tuberculosis
There has been a resurgence of tuberculosis around the world.
TB, which is a disease of the respiratory system, is now the biggest killer of women, according to new research from the World Health Organisation.
Figures show that 900 million women world-wide are infected with the disease.
This year alone more than one million of them will die and over twice that number will become infected.
How long has TB been killing people?
TB or Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been killing people for thousands of years. Tissue samples from Egyptian mummies over 4000 years old show signs of being infected with the disease.
In the 19th and 20th centuries there has been a steady decline in deaths from the disease in industrialised countries. This was given a boost by the development of penicillin and other antibiotics in he last 50 years.
But the decline began to level out in he 1980s and since then the incidence of the disease has started to increase again. Some scientists have said the number of people around the world infected with TB has reached a 10-year high.
What is TB?
TB is a disease which usually attacks the lungs, but it can affect almost any part of the body. A person with TB does not necessarily feel ill but the symptoms can include a cough that will not go away, feeling tired, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, night sweats and coughing up blood.
Like the common cold, TB is spread through the air after infected people cough or sneeze.
There is a difference between being infected with TB and having the disease. Many people infected with the TB bacteria do not develop the disease, as their body�s defences protect them. Neither can they pass the disease on. But TB can lie dormant in the body for many years and strike when the immune system is weak.
Who is at risk?
The disease is often perceived as most frequently affecting the elderly, and in industrialised countries a quarter of all cases occur in those over 65. But in the developing countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan TB is most common among young adults.
In a study carried out by ENT Department, District Headquarter Hospital Daggar, District Tuberculosis Control Office, District Buner over a four years period from January 1997 to January 2001, 45000 patients visited this department during this period. The third decade was the most vulnerable age group with female preponderance i.e. female to male ratio 5:1. Maximum numbers of patients were from low socioeconomic class. The prevalence of tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy was 51% amongst the neck swellings excluding thyroid swelling. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy is a common surgical problem and is frequently encountered in ENT practice here at DHQ Buner. TB and hepatitis B & C are the top 3 killers with Malaria the 4th, here at distict Buner.
Women of childbearing age between the ages of 15 and 44 are more likely than men of the same age to fall sick with the disease. Women in this age group are also at greater risk from HIV infection which makes them more susceptible to TB too.
In the developing countries, the leading causes of death of women aged between 15 and 44 are: TB - 9%; war 3%; HIV - 3%; heart disease 3%.
Why is TB making a resurgence now?
One factor in the rising TB trend in both the developed and the developing world is HIV infection, which weakens the immune system. One third of deaths of those who are HIV-positive are TB related. Those with HIV are 100 times more likely to develop TB than other members of the population. Other people who are at risk from the disease include those with diabetes, the malnourished, alcoholics, and IV drug users.
Another aspect in the resurgence of the disease is the development of drug resistant strains which now affect up to 50 million people. These strains can be created by bad medical practice such as over-prescribing antibiotics or patients not taking the drugs long enough to get rid of the disease. Instead this encourages the bacteria to become tougher.
Treating patients with drug resistant TB is beyond the pocket of many developing countries. The cost of treatment can rise from low per patient with non-resistant TB to very high for multi-drug resistant TB.
The multi drug resistant strains are often fatal and have mortality rates that are comparable with those which existed before the development of antibiotics.
How much of a threat is the disease?
According to the WHO, TB infection is currently spreading at the rate of one person per second. It kills more young people and adults than any other infectious disease and is the worlds biggest killer of women. In 1993 the WHO declared TB a global health emergency.
Researchers have calculated that 8-10 million people catch the disease every year, with three million dying from it. It causes more deaths world-wide than Aids and malaria combined.